Oscilloscope bandwidth benchmark

What is the impact of oscilloscope bandwidth on the observed signals? Does a bandwidth of 25 MHz mean that a scope will display a 30 MHz signal only with a lower amplitude? Can oscilloscopes work around Nyquist with equivalent sampling? Is a scope four times the bandwidth worth four times …

STM32 stop mode & EXTI wakeup without HAL

Low-power modes come in handy (apart from obvious power saving) when the electromagnetic emissions of an MCU have to be reduced. For example when an MCU is placed close to antenna switching relays - you definitely do not want to receive the noise from the MCU in your HF transceiver (even …

Matching STM32 hardware CRC with standard CRC-32

Hardware CRC generators come handy in embedded systems when data or code have to be validated. For example: storing settings in flash or EEPROM, receiving new firmware via a bootloader. Software implementations are either slow (when calculating the CRC directly) or need quite some memory for lookup tables. There are …

Coax relay PCB for HF antenna switching

This is a simple board that switches 4 antennas to a single transceiver. It features SO-239 coax connectors, relays with popular footprints and flyback diodes. Unused antennas are grounded. It can be driven by virtually any controller in the shack. This design is soooo good that it got copied on …

Fast integer scaling on Cortex-M0

Integer scaling is very common in embedded systems. For example to make human-readable values of ADC readings (correcting for gain or voltage dividers). Two operations are needed to do scaling without using floating-point numbers - multiplication and division. Cortex-M0 is a nice little beast with a single cycle integer multiplier. ARM …

Reducing FFT code size of CMSIS DSP

CMSIS DSP is a fantastic library develeoped by ARM that provides various math primitives (like matrices, filters and FFT). It is usually my first pick when implementing signal processing on microcontrollers bacause it is highly optimized for ARM Cortex-M cores and is free. I was therefore quite surprised when my …

Debouncing buttons on EFM32 Happy Gecko

Button bounce is always a problem for microcontrollers. There are many ways to deal with the issue. The pins can be sampled at a low frequency so that the bounce will settle between consecutive samplings. They can be low-pass filtered in software. Some approaches require the pin to be stable …

Beware of JDY-30 Bluetooth SPP modules

Bluetooth to serial modules have been around almost forever. Just connect power, ground, RXD, TXD, maybe a config pin and you have a trivial way to transmit data wirelessly from an embedded system to a PC or Android device.

A very common example is the HC-05 module (below):

I remember …

STM32L4 I2C driver for FreeRTOS without HAL

I2C remains a popular communication interface between MCUs and all kinds of auxiliary chips like ADCs, digipots and GPIO expanders. I had to make a simple and universal driver for an upcoming STM32L432 project to control Microchip digipots. STM32 I2C peripheral is simple enough to use without the burden of …

STM32L4 UART driver for FreeRTOS without HAL

This is a driver for STM32L432 LPUART. It should also work with the "full" UART. The LPUART is a simple peripheral (compared to the clock tree or ADC). In this case it is easier to master the usage of a couple of registers, than use full-size HAL drivers, as they …